• 2025-04-25
• A. Akinsade, S.S Yaru, A.O. Akinola
• Volume 1, Issue 1

Abstract

The threat of insufficient energy supply, technology advancement, and negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment have drawn people’s attention away from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. Pyrolysis is a process that convert waste-to-wealth delivering bio-fuel to replace fossil fuel. This research developed an auto-logged laboratory-scale pyrolysis reactor for the conversion of biomass wastes to value-added products. Developed for a maximum load of 5 kg and a volume of 0.01489 m3, the reactor adapted with an autoclave, and bounded by a 2.5 kW electric heater was evaluated using 1.0 kg of palm kernel shell per batch at varying temperatures of 300, 350, 400, and 450 o C respectively. The maximum bio-oil yield obtained at the maximum temperature of 450 o C was 48.1 %wt. and the reactor efficiency at the maximum temperature of 450oC was found to be 54.78%. The value of heater temperature, reactor temperature, water inlet and outlet temperatures were found to be 400.35, 248.78, 29.83, and 31.50 o C respectively at an average reaction time of 45 minutes, and that of the condensate, reservoir, condenser wall, and ambient temperatures were found to be 32.64, 30.25, 33.06, and 30.86 o C respectively.

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